In the second of our blogs about the link between caffeine and sports performance, from our friends at exhale, we look at how drinking coffee regularly can affect our performance. (You can read the first part here by the way, where we explore the effects of caffeine)
First the bad news. It has been shown regular caffeine use appears to reduce caffeine’s performance enhancing effects. Now the good news! It’s also been shown that this reduction can be offset by an increased caffeine dose on race day!
Interestingly, it’s been shown that there appears to be no advantage, and indeed some potential disadvantages, associated with short-term pre-competition caffeine withdrawal. For some, withdrawal is associated with numerous negative outcomes, including headaches, fatigue, irritability, muscle pain, sleep disturbances, and nausea. All of which may negatively influence performance.
For most athletes, the total of regular caffeine intake spread across the day, including the pre- and in training dose, should not exceed 3 mg/kg, as this will increase the required pre-competition caffeine dose substantially – potentially to a point where performance is compromised due to anxiety, gut issues, or circulatory issues.
If you like your coffee it does appear that you can drink 2-3 cups per day (which has been shown to be a good intake for the numerous health benefits of coffee) and still strategically use a caffeine supplements to experience the ergogenic effects on ‘game day’.
Let’s get personal
There is real variability in regards to how individuals respond to coffee, or caffeine. As just one example, in a study of caffeine effects in runners, it was shown that endurance benefits were associated with caffeine supplementation overall, but the magnitude of the improvements ranged from 5% to 87% and 10% to 156% in running and cycling time-to-exhaustion trials, respectively.
One explanation for this may lie in genetics. But we don’t need to get too geeky here, don’t worry!
Over 95% of caffeine is metabolised by the CYP1A2 enzyme, which is encoded by the CYP1A2 gene. Put simply, based on our genetics we can be a slow metaboliser, or a fast metaboliser of caffeine. The latter meaning we break down coffee at a quicker rate.
For those interested there are three genotypes:
- AC: Slow metaboliser
- CC: Slow metaboliser
- AA: Fast metaboliser
So what have studies demonstrated here?
It has been shown that only those with the AA genotype (so fast metabolisers) benefited from caffeine during a 10-km time trial. It has been shown that extended periods of blocked adenosine receptors (remember the first mechanisms as to how caffeine improves performance?) may be detrimental to performance.
Slower clearance of caffeine and longer caffeine build up in slow metabolisers have been associated with increased blood pressure, and narrowing of blood vessels which may also effect both blood flow to the heart and muscles
“genotype should be considered when deciding whether an athlete should use caffeine for enhancing endurance performance”
Another study found that acute ingestion of caffeine significantly enhanced resistance exercise performance in resistance-trained men who were fast metabolisers, but not for slow metabolisers.
But there is another gene which we can briefly mention. Expression of adenosine receptors is regulated by a gene known as ADORA2A, and numerous studies point to variants in this gene influencing our reaction to caffeine. It has also been found to play a role in anxiety—one 2008 study found that as little as 150 milligrams a day, or about as much caffeine as a small cafetiere —can cause anxiety in people with a certain variant of this gene. So if coffee makes you feel anxious it looks like you have your ADORA2A gene to thank.
Post-exercise coffee and recovery
Ok so we’ve discussed the ways caffeine supports performance, we’ve discussed how much to take and when to take it for both endurance and strength training, and we’ve discussed the importance of personalising our intake.
Let’s now discuss post-exercise coffee.
Coffee and one of its main compounds ‘chlorogenic acid’ may positively affect the body’s ability to restore its glycogen levels post-exercise. Remember we mentioned glycogen is our stored carbohydrate found in our liver and muscles. Well, to support recovery, especially if we have another bout of exercise coming up soon after we finish a bout of exercise, we can have a coffee alongside our carbohydrates/meal. One of the ways coffee post exercise helps is by increasing insulin secretion – the hormone that helps sugar in the blood enter cells.
No wonder we see cyclists take over our coffee shops on a Sunday morning post-ride!
Saving the best until last: polyphenols
Chlorogenic acid, the most researched component of coffee, has been shown to increase sugar uptake and insulin sensitivity in humans. But polyphenols, of which chlorogenic acid is just one of many found in coffee, have also been discussed for their role as antioxidants in recovery and performance.
There is a rationale for supplementation with polyphenols both to enhance exercise performance, since excess reactive oxygen species generation has been implicated in fatigue development, and to enhance recovery from muscle damage induced by intensive exercise due to the involvement of inflammation and oxidative damage within muscle.
A paper published in Sports Medicine proposes: “consumption of 300 mg polyphenols an hour prior to exercise may enhance endurance and repeated sprint performance
supplementation with over 1000 mg of polyphenols per day for 3 or more days prior to and following exercise will enhance recovery following muscle damage via anti-inflammatory mechanisms.”
Practical takeaways
We recommend to get as much caffeine as possible from coffee rather than sports drinks/other sources as other sources have been shown to have a negative impact on your DNA via your telomeres, whereas coffee has a positive impact (associated with longer telomeres).
It’s unlikely you would want to drink so much coffee pre-race though so some combination of the two is likely the best solution.
For endurance sports 3-6mg per kg of bodyweight 30-90 minutes prior to exercises is recommended.
For strength and power sports around the same 3-6mg per kg around 30 minutes prior should do it.
We highly recommend experimenting within this range. There are so many variables at play it’s important to tailor your intake to your own perceived tolerance of caffeine. And never try out such a high quantity for the first time on the day of an event – that can be a disaster as some of the team at Exhale have learned the hard way! Always experiment in training first.
Because coffee is slower to be metabolised than caffeine supplements this could be taken 60 minutes before exercise with caffeine supplements being taken closer to the race (15-30 minutes before perhaps).
But don’t just take our word for it! Experiment in your training and see what works best for you, then let us know!
You can read the full article, including references, about coffee and exercise on exhale coffee’s website here.
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